⭐ Sabse Important Points · एक नज़र में
- Rotation: Figures may rotate clockwise or anticlockwise by a fixed angle (e.g., 90°, 45°) in each step.
- Vertical Mirror: Left becomes right and right becomes left; top and bottom remain the same.
- Element Addition/Deletion: The number of lines, dots, or shapes may increase or decrease by a constant number.
- Horizontal Mirror / Water Image: Top becomes bottom and bottom becomes top; left and right remain the same.
- Movement: Parts of a figure may move to adjacent positions (e.g., corners, sides) in a set order.
- Symmetry: Figures with vertical symmetry look the same in a vertical mirror; those with horizontal symmetry look the same in a water image.
Introduction · परिचय
Non-Verbal Reasoning involves solving problems using visual patterns, figures, and symbols rather than words or numbers. It tests your ability to observe, analyze, and interpret visual information. Common topics include series, analogies, classification, mirror images, water images, embedded figures, and figure counting. This topic is important for the Delhi Police Constable exam as it assesses logical and observational skills.
Figure Series and Analogies
In figure series, a sequence of figures follows a pattern, and you must identify the next figure. Patterns may involve rotation, addition/subtraction of elements, movement of parts, or changes in shading. In figure analogies, two pairs of figures relate in the same way (A : B :: C : D), and you must find the missing figure.
- Observe the sequence
- Identify the changing element
- Determine the rule (rotation, addition, movement)
- Apply rule to find next figure
- Verify with options
📐 Formula / Rule Box · सूत्र याद रखो
Analogy Rule
Identify the transformation from the first pair and apply it to the second pair.
⭐ Key Points · याद रखने वाली बातें
- Rotation: Figures may rotate clockwise or anticlockwise by a fixed angle (e.g., 90°, 45°) in each step.
- Element Addition/Deletion: The number of lines, dots, or shapes may increase or decrease by a constant number.
- Movement: Parts of a figure may move to adjacent positions (e.g., corners, sides) in a set order.
✍️ Solved Example 1 · हल किया हुआ उदाहरण
❓ Question: A series of figures shows a square with a dot at the top-left corner, then top-right, then bottom-right. What is the next figure?
✅ Solution: Dot at bottom-left corner.
💡 Explanation: The dot moves clockwise by 90° each time: top-left → top-right → bottom-right → bottom-left.
Mirror and Water Images
Mirror images are reflections across a vertical or horizontal line. In a vertical mirror (left-right), the left and right sides swap. In a horizontal mirror (top-bottom), the top and bottom swap. Water images are reflections in water, which is essentially a horizontal mirror (top-bottom swap). These are common in non-verbal reasoning.
| Vertical Mirror | Water Image |
|---|---|
| Left-right reversed | Top-bottom reversed |
| Top-bottom unchanged | Left-right unchanged |
| Also called side mirror | Also called horizontal mirror |
⭐ Key Points · याद रखने वाली बातें
- Vertical Mirror: Left becomes right and right becomes left; top and bottom remain the same.
- Horizontal Mirror / Water Image: Top becomes bottom and bottom becomes top; left and right remain the same.
- Symmetry: Figures with vertical symmetry look the same in a vertical mirror; those with horizontal symmetry look the same in a water image.
- Letters/Numbers: Some letters (e.g., A, H, I, M, O, T, U, V, W, X, Y) are vertically symmetrical; others change in mirror.
✍️ Solved Example 1 · हल किया हुआ उदाहरण
❓ Question: What is the water image of the letter 'B'?
✅ Solution: The water image of 'B' looks like a 'B' flipped vertically (top and bottom swapped).
💡 Explanation: In a water image, the top and bottom are reversed. The upper loop of 'B' becomes the lower loop, and the lower loop becomes the upper loop, while left-right orientation stays the same.
Practice Questions · खुद हल करके देखो
पहले खुद try karo, phir “Answer dekho” dabakar check karo. 👇
Q1A figure rotates 90° clockwise in each step. If it starts pointing North, what direction will it point after 3 steps?
👀 Answer dekho
✅ Answer: West
💡 Explanation: Step 1: North→East; Step 2: East→South; Step 3: South→West.
Q2Which of the following letters remains unchanged in a vertical mirror? (A, B, C, D)
👀 Answer dekho
✅ Answer: A
💡 Explanation: Letter 'A' has vertical symmetry, so its mirror image is identical. B, C, D change.
Q3In a certain code, a figure with 3 lines becomes 5 lines, and 4 lines becomes 6 lines. How many lines will a figure with 7 lines become?
👀 Answer dekho
✅ Answer: 9 lines
💡 Explanation: The pattern is +2 lines each time. So 7+2=9.
⚠️ Common Mistakes · ये गलतियाँ बिल्कुल मत करना
- Assuming rotation is always clockwise; always check both directions.
- Confusing water image with vertical mirror; water image reverses top-bottom, not left-right.
- Overlooking small details like dot position or shading; these often change in series.
⚡ Quick Revision · Exam से पहले 2 मिनट में दोहराओ
- Rotation: Check angle and direction (clockwise/anticlockwise) in series.
- Mirror vs Water: Vertical mirror swaps left-right; water image swaps top-bottom.
- Analogy: Apply the same transformation from first pair to second pair.
- Counting Figures: Use formulas for counting triangles, squares, etc., in complex figures.
- Embedded Figures: Identify a simple shape hidden within a complex figure.